課程內容
《語法專題-虛擬語氣》
二、虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣是一種動詞形式,表示說話人的一種愿望、假設、懷疑、猜測、建議等含義,虛擬語氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實。包括兩種情況:與事實相反,純屬假設;雖然還不是事實,但可能變?yōu)槭聦崱?br>
一狀語從句中的虛擬語氣(一)if 條件句狀語中的虛擬語氣
與現(xiàn)在事實相反 從句:用動詞的過去式(be 的過去式一般用were),主句:用would/should/could/might+動詞原形
與過去事實相反 從句:用had+過去分詞,主句:用would/should/could/might+have+過去分詞
與將來事實相反 從句:用動詞過去式,should+動詞原形,were to +動詞原形,主句:用ould/should/could/might+動詞原形
翻譯下列句子,指出虛擬語氣主、從句對應的時間
1.If she knew English,she would not ask me for help.
如果她懂英語的話,她不會找我?guī)兔Φ摹?br>
(從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反,主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反。)
2.If you should go to the moon tomorrow,what would you take with you?
假如明天你去月球,你會帶什么去?
(從句與將來事實相反,主句與將來事實相反。)
3.If I had been more careful,I would have taken the first place in the maths contest.
假如我再細心些,我就在這次的數學競賽中獲一等獎了。(從句與過去事實相反,主句與過去事實相反。)
4.If they had studied hard,they could do it easily now.
如果他們以前努力學習的話,現(xiàn)在做就會容易些。
從句與過去事實相反,主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反(混合時間)
5.Had he known her address,he would heve gone to visit her.
如果他知道她的地址,他回去看她的。
從句(倒裝)與過去事實相反,主句與過去事實相反。
注意:有時條件從句中的動作和主句中的動作發(fā)生的時間不一致(表示錯綜時間的虛擬語氣),這時動詞的形式要根據它所表示的時間加以調整。如:If you (had listened)to the doctor,you (would be)all right now.
如果你當初聽了醫(yī)生的話,身體現(xiàn)在就好了(從句動作指過去,主句動作指現(xiàn)在)
1.主從句時間不一致時,主從句謂語動詞的表達形式采用組裝法,即從句對應什么時間就用相對應的表達式,同樣主句對應什么時間也用相對用的表達式。
2.在虛擬條件狀語從句中,如果含有had,should或were時,可將if 省略,講這些詞提前。
Had he known her address,he would have gone to visit her.
二 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
賓語從句中的虛擬語氣主要有三種情況:
1.表示建議,命令,請求,要求,意圖含義等的動詞suggest,advise,insist,order,command,require,request,demand,ask,prefer等引導賓語從句時,賓語從句用虛擬語氣,句式結構為主語+should+動詞原形,其中should可以省略。但要should 表“暗示,表面”,insist表示“堅決認為,堅持說”時,賓語從句用實際陳述語氣。
(1)The teacher suggested that we [(Should) make ](make)good use of every minute here.
(2)His silence suggested he [didn't agree](not agree)to our new plan.
2.wish之后的便于從句,表示一種沒有實現(xiàn)或根本不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望,常用虛擬語氣。其主要形式有三種:
對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬 wish+主語+動詞過去式(be用were)
對過去情況的虛擬 wish+主語+had+過去分詞
對將來情況的虛擬 wish+主語+would+動詞原形
(1)I wish [had seen](see) her lat night.
(2)The little girl wishes she [had](have)a paor of wings.
(3)I wish I[would go](go)to Mars to explore space.
3.would rather引導的賓語從句,從句為過去時間,動詞用had done;從句為現(xiàn)在時間,動詞用一般過去式(be用were);從句是將來時間,動詞用一般過去式。
(1)I'd rather you [had seen](see) the film yesterday.
(2)I'd rather you [were](be) here now.
(3)We'd rather you[went](go)here tomorrow.
三 主語從句的虛擬語氣(句式主要有三種)
1.在It is important necessary that...等主語從句中,從句謂語動詞用should+動詞原形,should此時表達“應該”的意思。
2.在It is amazing(strange,surprising,astonising,a pity,a shame)that 從句中有時也用should,此時表示說話人的驚異、懊悔、失望等情感,常含有“竟然”之意。
若不用虛擬語氣則不帶感情色彩,比較:
It's a pity that he failed the exam.他考試沒幾個,真是遺憾。
It's a pity that he shoud have failed the exam.他考試竟然沒及格,真是遺憾。
3.It is(was) ordered (suggested,required,requested)that 從句中,從句謂語動詞用should+動詞原形。should此時表達“應該”的意思。
根據漢語提示完成下列句子
(1)It is necessary that I [should return](return) it right now.我有必要馬上把它還回去。
(2)It's strange that he[should be] (be) so rude.他竟然如此無禮,真是奇怪。
(3)It was ordered that the room [(should) be cleaned](clean).按要求這間房要打掃。
四 表語從句中的虛擬語氣
1.The+名詞+is/was that表語從句
這些名詞是表示請求、要求、命令、建議等意義的名詞如:advice,desire,decision,idea,instrustion,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish等。表語從句的虛擬語氣結構為:(should)+動詞原形。
2.It looks as if 表語從句
如表達的與現(xiàn)在事實相反用過去式,與過去事實相反用過去完成時。不過,要注意如果表達的內容是真實可信的,則用直陳語氣,使用實際時態(tài)。如:It is getting dark.It looks as if it is going to rain.天變暗了,看來要下雨了(跡象表明要下雨,根據經驗判斷此種情況下通常會下雨)。
翻譯下列句子,找出表語從句中的虛擬語氣表達形式
1.His suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully.
他的建議就是我們的工作應該更細心些。
(表語從句中的虛擬語氣表達形式為:(should)+動詞原形。)2.It looks as if the old man were the king of the zoo,
看起來米老人就像動物園的國王。
(表語從句中的虛擬語氣表達形式為:主語+過去式。)
五 同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
在“名詞+hat..."同位語從句中,如果名詞為表示建議、勸告、命令等含義的名詞如:advice建議,demand 要求,desire 愿望,decision 決定,idea 意見,motion 提議,order 命令,proposal提議,requirement 要求,request請求,regulation 規(guī)章,suggestion 建議等名詞時,其同位語從句要用虛擬語氣結構:主語+(should)+動詞原形
用同位語從句翻譯下列句子,注意同位語從句的位于動詞形式
我們應該采取措施喚醒環(huán)保意識,他這個建議為大家所接受。
六 定語從句中的虛擬語氣
定語從句中的虛擬語氣比較少見,在“是做某事的時候了”句式中,從句謂語動詞用should do或過去式
翻譯下列句子,指出定語從句中的虛擬語氣表達形式
是搞大掃除的時候了。
It is about/high time that we had/should have a thorough cleaning.
七 含蓄條件句
翻譯下列句子,并將含蓄條件句改為if 條件句
1.To have studied harder,you would have passed the examination.假如你學習更用功些,你就考試及格了。(To have studied harder=If you had studied harder)
2.(1)Given more time,I would have done it better.假若多給些時間,我會做得更好。
(Given time=If I had been given more time)
(2)Failing this time,what would you do?
假若這次失敗了,那你怎么辦?
(Failing this time=if you failed this time)
3.(1)Another word,and I would punish you.
你再說一句話,我就懲罰你。
(Another word=If you said another word)
(2)A few hours earlier,and you would have been the famous writer.
要是你早來幾個小時,你就見到這位著名的作家了。
(A few hours earlier=If you had come a few hours earlier,you ...)
4.I would have attended her wedding ceremony,but I was so occupied.
本想參加她的婚禮的,但當時我太忙。
(but I was so occupied=if I hadn't been so occupied)
5.Don't bother to read all these papers,It would take too long.
不要費事看所有這些文件了,那會花太多時間。
(Don't bother to read all these papers...=If you read all these papers,it...)
6.(1)But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment.
如果沒有你的幫助,我們的實驗是不會成功的。
(But for your help=If it hadn't been for your heip)
(2)I would be still working on the problem without your help.
如果你當時不幫我,我現(xiàn)在還在解決這個問題呢。
(without your help=If you han't helped me)
此內容正在抓緊時間編輯中,請耐心等待
丁老師
女,中教高級職稱
高三英語中心組成員,市名師、市學科帶頭人、市骨干教師。長期擔任高三畢業(yè)班英語教學。
