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《書面表達(dá)常用過度連接手段及英語(yǔ)中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)》
書面表達(dá)常用過渡連接手段
一篇好的書面表達(dá)句與句之間、段與段之間的過渡一低昂要自然而且巧妙，這樣會(huì)使文章連貫自然、上下呼應(yīng)。下面介紹一些常見連詞：
1.并列關(guān)系：and,both...and...,not only...but also...,neither...nor...
2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but,however,nevertheless(不過，然而）
3.對(duì)比關(guān)系：while,whereas(然而）
4.選擇關(guān)系：or,either...or...,not...but...
5.因果關(guān)系：for ,thus,so
請(qǐng)觀察下面兩段文字，比較修改后的效果。
修改前：Li Hua had a little toy bear.She liked it very much.She went to school and took it.One day Li Hua lost her toy on her way back home.She didn't find it.She was very sorry.Her brother knew it and bought a new toy bear for her.Li Hua was happy.She had a new friend.

修改后：Li Hua had a little toy bear and she liked it very much.Whenever she went to school she took it with her.One day Li hua lost her toy when she was going back home and she didn't find it.How sad she felt!When her brother knew this,he bought a new one for her.Li Hua smiled again because she had a new friend.
代詞的替代作用在英語(yǔ)文章中十分常見，可以有效地避免重復(fù)，同時(shí)也是靈活的過渡連接手段。除了常用的代詞外，也可使用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句達(dá)到上下自然連貫的目的。如：
Li Hua bought a new computer yeaterday.The computer is a modern but expensive computer.It was made in America.
這幾句話給人一種太羅嗦的感覺，請(qǐng)看修改后的效果：
Li Hua bought a new computer yeaterday and it is a modern but expensive one,which was made in America.
很明顯，修改后語(yǔ)句顯得簡(jiǎn)潔精練、行文流暢。
有時(shí)為了對(duì)前面的句子進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的解釋說明、轉(zhuǎn)移話題、強(qiáng)調(diào)、拓展或者連接上下文，經(jīng)常使用插入語(yǔ)進(jìn)行過度，這樣可以使文章更生動(dòng)。下面介紹幾種常見插入語(yǔ).
1.用在句子開頭：above all,to begin with,as is known to all,first of all,firstly,generally speakig,...
2.用來表示總結(jié)：in conclusion ,in a word,all in all,in brief,in short,to sum up,to conclude,in total...
3.表示轉(zhuǎn)折：on the contrary,on the other hand,(much) to one's surprise/delight/disappointmant...,
4.表示結(jié)果：therefore,thus,at last,in the end,finally,as a result
5.列舉事例：for one thing...for another,on the one hand...on the other hand,for example,take...for example
6.表示強(qiáng)調(diào)：believe it or not,to tell you the truth,in fact,in reality,as a matter of fact,namely,that is to say
7.表示遞進(jìn)：besides,what's more,moreover,last but not least,worse still,in particular,what's more important,to make things worse
學(xué)好英語(yǔ)中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
1.句點(diǎn)（.)句點(diǎn)用于當(dāng)一句話完全結(jié)束時(shí)。也可以用于英文單詞的縮寫，如Mrs.,Dr.,A.M等。但要注意的是當(dāng)縮寫的字母形成了一個(gè)單詞的時(shí)候就不要使用句點(diǎn)。如IBM,DNAD等。注意：英文中的句號(hào)是實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)，不要錯(cuò)用成了漢語(yǔ)中的空心句號(hào)。如：I wonder if you can borrow some money from her.
2.問號(hào)（?)問號(hào)要用在一個(gè)直接的問句后，而不是間接的。如How will you solve the problem?是正確的用法，但用在I wonder how you will solve the problem?就不對(duì)了，應(yīng)該使用句點(diǎn)而不是問號(hào)。另外，在客氣的用語(yǔ)中，也是用句點(diǎn)而不是問句。如Will you please give me a call tomarrow.
3.感嘆號(hào)（!)感嘆號(hào)用于感嘆和驚嘆的陳述中
How hard they are working!
以上三個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)均用來表示一個(gè)完整句子的結(jié)束。
4.分號(hào)（;)與中文一樣，分號(hào)用于分割地位平等的獨(dú)立句子。在某些情況下，使用分號(hào)比使用句點(diǎn)更顯出句之間的緊密聯(lián)系，另外分號(hào)也經(jīng)常與連接副詞thus,however,therefore 一起使用（放在這些詞語(yǔ)之前）。如I realize I need exercise;however,I'll lie down first to think about it.需要注意的是：一個(gè)完整的句子以大寫字母開始，以句點(diǎn)結(jié)束。寫英文時(shí)用都點(diǎn)代替句點(diǎn)、分號(hào)、冒號(hào)或破折號(hào)叫“逗號(hào)錯(cuò)”，這正是中國(guó)學(xué)生所要避免的。請(qǐng)比較下列例句：誤：（It） was raining hard,（they） could not work in the fields.注意：上面句子中劃?rùn)M線的部分是兩個(gè)不同的主語(yǔ)，而且逗點(diǎn)前后的句子是完整的-單獨(dú)拿出來都能代表一個(gè)完整的意思。因此，用逗號(hào)違反了英文規(guī)定，即一個(gè)句子只能有一套主干。正：It was raining hard;they could not work in the fields.或者It was raining hard.They could not work in the fields.
5.冒號(hào)（：）1）冒號(hào)用于對(duì)后面內(nèi)容的介紹或解釋，如：This is her plan:go shopping.
2）冒號(hào)用于名單之前，特別是一個(gè)豎排的名單。
We transferred three employees to new branches.
branches:
.Tony Wang to New York City.
.Mike Jackson to Tokyo.
當(dāng)名單橫排的時(shí)候，冒號(hào)要用在一個(gè)完整的句子之后，如We need seven people:three students,three tngineers,and a professor.
3)冒號(hào)用于數(shù)字時(shí)間的表示，如16:45或4:45p.m
4)冒號(hào)用于主標(biāo)題和副標(biāo)題之間.
6.逗號(hào)（,)1.逗點(diǎn)用于分隔一系列的簡(jiǎn)單內(nèi)容，如I will go to Shanghai,Beijing,and Shenzhen.
2.逗點(diǎn)用于修飾名詞的多個(gè)形容詞之間，如a small,fancy bike.
3.逗點(diǎn)用于連接兩個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的獨(dú)立子句，而且每個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)不同，如They were out of work,and Miller had little money.
4.逗點(diǎn)用于關(guān)聯(lián)的子句之間，如Since he's your younger brother,please take care of him.
5.逗點(diǎn)用于直接引用的句子之前，如Mary said,"Let's go fishing."(注意：這里說的和上面提及的冒號(hào)在直接引語(yǔ)中的使用不一樣。如果是引用比較正式的發(fā)言講話就要用冒號(hào)，一般情況下就用逗點(diǎn)。）如果句中含有間接引語(yǔ)就不需要逗點(diǎn)，如Mary said we should go fishing.在反問句之前要使用逗點(diǎn)，如：He worked very hard,didn't he?
7.省略號(hào)（...）省略號(hào)無(wú)論出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、還是句尾，都是表示單詞的省略?！癐f that is the way you think...just go back to school,"he said.注意：句后的省略號(hào)和句號(hào)的寫法應(yīng)是在一條直線上的四個(gè)黑點(diǎn)。前三個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表示省略號(hào)，后一個(gè)黑點(diǎn)表句號(hào)。Don't use so many ands in....
應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題
1.比較中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)可見，英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)中沒有中文形式的頓號(hào)、書名號(hào)、句號(hào)和省略號(hào)。
2.英文中的省略號(hào)其實(shí)是三個(gè)分號(hào)的并列，許多學(xué)生由于受中文影響常錯(cuò)誤地把英文省略號(hào)寫成六點(diǎn)。
3.英語(yǔ)一般使用逗點(diǎn)而不用破折號(hào)。英文中破折號(hào)的用法遠(yuǎn)沒有中文的豐富。
4.句號(hào)、問號(hào)、感嘆號(hào)后首字母應(yīng)大寫。