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課程內(nèi)容

《非謂語動詞（3）》

一 不定式做主語

Be careful!To smoke so much is not good for you.
具體的或一次性的動作（to do v-ing?）

Smoking much is not good for you.
表示一般或抽象的經(jīng)常性的行為和動作
句型:It is+adj.+for/of sb to do sth.
It is very kind of you to help me with my English.
It is very difficult for you to learn English gammar.

二 不定式作賓語

1.爸爸答應(yīng)給我買一輛單車。
My father promised to buy a bike for me.
2.天??！我忘了關(guān)燈了。
Oh,My God!I forgot to turn off the light.

注意:下列動詞或動詞短語后只接不定式作賓語:
agree,seem,appear,offer,happen,wish,hope,
pay,expect,long,plan,intend,promise,pretend,
decide,afford,manage,choose,be said to,would like to等

三 不定式作賓語補足語

1.醫(yī)生建議他每天鍛煉身體。
The doctor advised him to take exercise.

2.他的父母期望他上大學(xué)。
His parents expected him to go to university.
注意:用不定式作賓語補足語的動詞

   以下動詞只接不定式作賓語補足語；
advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,expect,force,get,
encourage,hate,invite,order,oblige,wish,want,warn,
remind,promise,permit,persuade,request…

以下動詞接動詞原形作賓補:

(一)感官及物動詞feel,hear,listen to,see,look at,watch,observe,notice,find,smell.

(二)使役動詞make,let,have
(感官動詞接動詞原形作賓語補足語表示動作全過程,而使役動詞變被動語態(tài)后,作賓補的原形動詞前要加“to”)
The teacher watched the students cross the road.
老師看著學(xué)生過馬路。

The boss made his workers work day and night.
→The workers were made to work day and night.
老板讓他的工人沒日沒夜的工作。

△feel一詞在使用to do型不定式作賓語補足語時,不帶to;在使用to be型不定式時,要帶to,如:
He felt them to be right.Did you feel the earth shake?

四 不定式作表語

1.主語和表語都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件,一是結(jié)果）,如:
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.

2.主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組,或是以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句時,后面的表語不定式說明其內(nèi)容,如:
My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.
Your mistake was not to write that letter.
My suggestion is to start work at once.
What I suggested is to start work at once.

注:在某些句型中,當(dāng)主語部分有動作動詞do時,作表語的不定式可以省略符號“to”,如:
All we have to do is push the button.
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.

五 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語

1.位置和時間:不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后,時間一般是將來的時間。如:
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.
I want to get something to read during the vocation.
John is always the first one to come to the factory.

2.不定式作定語時
(1)它與所修飾的名詞存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,如果不定式是不及物動詞,它后面應(yīng)加上必要的介詞,如:
She has a lot of things to attend to.
The nurse has five children to look after.
(2)它若與主語存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,作定語的動詞不定式用主動形式表被動。若和主語沒有主謂關(guān)系,要用被動形式。
I have a book to read.
Mother asked,"Have you any clothes to be washed,Tom?"

六 不定式作狀語

不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等,表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。

1.表示目的:
They ran over to welcome the delegates.
He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.
He went home to see his mother.
①:不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示目的時,通常句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語,但也有例外的情況,例如:
They sent a man to mend the window.
He stood up to be seen better.
②:為了強調(diào)表示目的的不定式,特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞not時,通?？梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒杢o之前加上in order或so as,如:
He came here in order to see Charlie.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
He went early in order not to miss the train.
I turned the radio down so as not to disturb him.
③:表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標(biāo)志之一。但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order,但不可以加上so as,即in order to能放在句首,而so as to不能放在句首。如:
To draw maps properly,you need a special pen.
(In order to draw maps properly,you need a special pen.)

2.表結(jié)果:
He came round to find himself in hospital.
不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型:
①so…as to…
②such(…)as to…
③enough to…
④too…to…

注意:
（一）不定式所表示的結(jié)果往往含有“令人意想不到”的意味,其中以“使人不愉快的結(jié)果”較為常見。有時可以加上only或but only,以加強語氣,如:
He got to the station only to be told the train had gone.
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.
(有時也可以表示令人愉快、驚喜的結(jié)果),如:
He went home to find his old friend Georgr waiting for him.

（二）不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果或表示目的,往往形式相似,這時,須根據(jù)詞匯意義和語言環(huán)境認(rèn)真加以區(qū)別,試比較:
He arrived late to find the others had gone home.
(=He arrived late and found the others had gone home.)
He arrived late to avoid meeting Robert.
(=He arrived late in order to avoid meeting Robert.)

 動詞不定式中注意的問題

1.(1)動詞不定式的否定式只須在to前加not.
(2)帶疑問詞的動詞不定式在to前加疑問詞。

2.作簡短回答或避免不必要的重復(fù)時,動詞不定式常常省去to后面的動詞,只保留to。

3.動詞不定式的時態(tài)
(1)一般式(to do).
不定式的一般式所表示的動作（狀態(tài)）和主句表示的動作是同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生。
(2)進(jìn)行時(to be doing)
主句謂語動詞表示的動作（情況）發(fā)生時,不定式所表示的動作正在進(jìn)行。
(3)完成式(to have done)
動詞不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。

4.動詞不定式的語態(tài)
(1)主動式(to do/to be doing/to have done)
當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語（主句的主語）是不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者時。
(2)被動式(to be done/to have been done)
當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語（主句的主語）是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時。